Portuguese India: Uma (1) Rupia, 1882

D.Luiz Filippe succeeded his brother to the throne of Portugal on November 11, 1861. He reigned until October 19, 1889.

The currency of Portuguese India was changed to a new standard as a result of the Luso-Britannic Convention of 1880 with the silver rupee (Uma Rupia), eleven-twelfths pure silver .916 fine and weighing 11.66 grams. Half-rupee (Meia Rupia), quarter-rupee (Quarto De Rupia), and eighth-rupee (Oitavo De Rupia) as divisions were minted at both the Calcutta and Bombay mints to the same standards corresponding to the coinage of British India. The rupee and half-rupee were struck dated 1881 and 1882, while the quarter-rupee and eight-rupee were issued only in 1881. A copper coinage was issued dated 1881, 1884, 1886, and 1888 with a much higher mintage.


Obverse Bare head of Luiz I left, LUDOVICUS I PORTUG ET ALGARB REX 1882 (Luiz I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1882)


Reverse Crowned plain shield, having on it seven castle towers, surrounding a cross made of five shields, all within wreath of laurel and oak; INDIA PORTUGUEZA UMA RUPIA (Portuguese India, 1 Rupee)

Mughal Dynasty: Rupee of Akbar, Kalima Type, 982AH (1574 AH), Mint Agra(?)

Obverse Kalima-e-Tayyab: La illaha illallah Mohammad Rasool Allah, "(There is) No god except Allah (and) Muhammad (is the) Prophet (of) Allah



Reverse Jalal-al din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi, 982 (Glory of the faith, Emperor Muhammad Akbar, warrior against the infidels)



The mint (which appears at the bottom of the reverse) is off the flan but, based on the style of the coin, I think it could be Agra.

Mughal Dynasty: Rupee of Jahangir (AH1014-1037/1605-1628AD), Ahmadabad, AH1027, RY13 (KM149.4)

On Jahangir Rupees of this type, the obverse and the reverse form a distich or poetic couplet. The Ahmadabad Rupee shown here has an inayat (meaning blessing/kindness/grace) couplet.

Obverse Shahe Noor-ed din Jahangir, ibn Akbar Badshah (King Noor-ed din Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar), Ry 13



Reverse Sikka Zad Dar Ahmadabad Az Enayate Elah (Stuck money at Ahmadabad, by the blessing of God), AH 1027 (1617 AD)

Rupee of Akbar (AH963-1014/AD1556-1605), mint Ahmadabad, Ilahi yr 40 or 46, Mihr

Obverse
Allahu Akbar Jalla Jalalahu (God is great, bright is his glory)
(Note: Interestingly, the same words, slightly rearranged, can mean "Akbar is God, let his brightness shine forth.")



Reverse
Zarb Ahmadabad (40 or 46), Ilahi Mihr (Libra)

Rupee of Akbar (AH963-1014/AD1556-1605), mint Ahmadabad, AH996

Originally, all coins issued by Akbar were round. Square silver and gold coins were issued (along with the round ones) for a short period, between 993 and 998 AH (i.e., regnal years 30 and 35). Almost all coins issued after 998 AH are round.

Variation is also found in the inscriptions on the coins. Till about 1585 AD (reynal year 29), gold and silver coins had Kalima (holy verses) inscribed on the obverse, along with the names of the four caliphs. The emperor's name (Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi) appeared on the reverse (with or without titles), with the pious wish Khald Allah talah Mulk wa Saltanat, the mint name, and the Hijri year.

It appears that the Hijri year appeared on the coins in a regular manner till 988 AH, after which the word Alif was inscribed on the subsequent coins of most mints to represent 1000. On these coins, the name of the mint was replaced by Urdu zafar quarin (camp associated with victory). All this continued till 1585 AD, after which the change in Akbar's religious views was reflected in his coinage. The Kalima was replaced with the Ilahi creed "Allah Akbar Jalla Jalalah" (though not all mints used this formula). Name and titles of the emperor were not used on the subsequent coins, as he probable preferred to remain anonymous (though it may be argued that his name lies in the pun Allah Akbar).

Obverse Kalima (La' illaha illa' Allah, Muhammad ar Rasool Allah; There is no God but God, Muhammad is his Prophet)


Reverse
Khald Allah talah Mulk wa Saltanat 996 (May Allah on high perpetuate his kingdom 996)
Mohammad Akbar Badshah (Mohammad Akbar Emperor)
Jalal ed-din Ghazi (Glory of the faith, fighter against the infidels)
Zarb das es sultanate Ahmadabad (Struck at the Seat of the Sultanate, Ahmadabad)

Nanda Dynasty Karshapana (G/H Series IVd, Type 427) (c 370-320 BC)

Some info on Mahapadma Nanda and his eight guns...err..sons:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty

Obverse



Reverse